Coal

Introduction

Coal is a hard rock which can be burned as a solid fossil fuel. It is mostly carbon but also contains hydrogen, sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen. It is a sedimentary rock formed from peat, by the pressure of rocks laid down later on top. Coal is defined as having more than 50 percent by weight (or 70 percent by volume) carbonaceous matter produced by the compaction and hardening of altered plant remains—namely, peat deposits. Different varieties of coal arise because of differences in the kinds of plant material (coal type), degree of coalification (coal rank), and range of impurities (coal grade). Although most coals occur in stratified sedimentary deposits, the deposits may later be subjected to elevated temperatures and pressures caused by igneous intrusions or deformation during orogenesis (i.e., processes of mountain building), resulting in the development of anthracite and even graphite. Although the concentration

Zai Trade International is involved in the mining of coal in Salt Range of Pakistan for decades and serving the different industrial sectors in Pakistan. With the passage of time company also involved in the trading of imported coal. The international trade of coal is carried out through our sister company “Frontline Exports Ltd”. The coal supplied by Zai Trade International can be categorized in to two categories:

Local Coal

Zai Trade International is mining Coal in Salt Range since decades as a family business. We have 3 coal mines in salt range. However we have also coal purchase agreements with mining companies in KPK and Balochistan. In local coal our scope of supply can be further categorized as under

Specifications

Low GCV Coal

Specifications

GCV Kcal/Kg	3500 – 4500
Size	0 – 50 mm
Moisture	6 – 10 %
Volatile Matter	25 – 35 %
Ash	25 – 35 %
Sulfur	4 – 6 %

Medium GCV Coal

Specifications

GCV Kcal/Kg	4500 – 5000
Size	0 – 50 mm
Moisture	6 – 10 %
Volatile Matter	25 – 35 %
Ash	22 – 32 %
Sulfur	3 – 6 %

High GCV Coal

Specifications

GCV Kcal/Kg	5000 – 5500
Size	0 – 50 mm
Moisture	6 – 10 %
Volatile Matter	25 – 35 %
Ash	18 – 28 %
Sulfur	3 – 6 %

High Plus GCV Coal

Specifications

GCV Kcal/Kg	6000 – 7000
Size	0 – 50 mm
Moisture	8 – 15 %
Volatile Matter	7 – 20 %
Ash	14 – 22 %
Sulfur	1 – 4 %

Imported Coal

Zai Group is involved in trading of imported coal from following countries

Coal from South Africa

South Africa’s indigenous energy resource base is dominated by coal. Internationally, coal is the most widely used primary fuel, accounting for about 36 percent of the total fuel consumption of the world’s electricity production. About 77 percent of South Africa’s primary energy needs are provided by coal. This is unlikely to change significantly in the next two decades owing to the relative lack of suitable alternatives to coal as an energy source. Many of the deposits can be exploited at extremely favourable costs and, as a result, a large coal-mining industry has developed. In addition to the extensive use of coal in the domestic economy, about 28 percent of South Africa’s production is exported, mainly through the Richards Bay Coal Terminal, making South Africa the fourth-largest coal exporting country in the world. South Africa’s coal is obtained from collieries that range from among the largest in the world to small-scale producers. As a result of new entrants, operating collieries increased to 64 during 2004. Of these, a relatively small number of large-scale producers supply coal primarily to electricity and synthetic fuel producers. About 51 percent of South African coal mining is done underground and about 49 percent is produced by open-cast methods.

Specifications

RB1 Specifications
GCV Kcal/Kg	6,000
Moisture	12.0% max
Volatile Matter	22.0% min
Ash	15.0% max
Sulphur	1.0% max
HGI	45 – 70
Size	0 – 50 mm

RB2 Specifications
GCV Kcal/Kg	5,800
Moisture	12.0% max
Volatile Matter	25.0% min
Ash	15.0% max
Sulphur	1.0% max
HGI	45 – 70
Size	0 – 50 mm

RB3 Specifications
GCV Kcal/Kg	5,500
Moisture	14.0% max
Volatile Matter	20.0% min
Ash	23.0% max
Sulphur	1.0% max
HGI	45 – 70
Size	0 – 50 mm

Coal from Indonesia

Indonesia is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of coal. Since 2005, when it overtook Australia, the country is the leading exporter in terms of thermal coal. A significant portion of its exported thermal coal consists of the medium-quality type (between 5100 and 6100 cal/gram) and the low-quality type (below 5100 cal/gram) for which large demand originates from China and India. According to information presented by Indonesia’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesian coal reserves are estimated to last around 83 years if the current rate of production is to be continued. Regarding global coal reserves, Indonesia currently ranks 9th, containing roughly 2.2 percent of total proven global coal reserves according to the most recent BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Around 60 percent of Indonesia’s total coal reserves consists of the cheaper lower quality (sub-bituminous) coal that contains less than 6100 cal/gram.

Coal from Russia

Russia is currently sixth in the world in terms of coal production. It produced 323 million tons of coal in 2009, roughly 4% of the world’s total production. … The major areas of coal production are the Donets, Moscow, Pechora, Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Irkutsk and South Yakutsk basins. Following are the specification of Russian Coal:

Specifications

GCV Kcal/Kg	6000
Size	0 – 50 mm
Moisture	10 – 12 %
Volatile Matter	32 %
Ash	10 %
Sulfur	0.3%

Coal from Afghanistan

Afghanistan has rich reserves of coking coal, coal is primarily located within a Jurassic belt from the northern provinces of Takhar and Badakhshan through the center of the country and towards the west in Herat, according to Afghan mines ministry. Historically, coal has been used in the country for powering small industries (notably cement production, textile manufacturing, and food processing) and as a primary source of household fuel. Scientists with the USGS Coal Project carried out comprehensive assessments of Afghanistan’s coal resources beginning in 2005 in cooperation with the Afghan Ministry of Mines and Industries (MMI). Various agencies of MMI involved in this cooperative effort included the Afghan Geological Survey (AGS), the North Coal Department (NCD), and the Coal Mines Section of the Mining Affairs Department. The primary focus of these assessments was to determine the quality, quantity, and distribution of coal throughout Afghanistan.